Analysis of Imitiaz Dharker’s Poems

Imitiaz Dharker was born in Lahore, Pakistan in the year 1954. She is a poet, documentary film-maker and an artist. Her family moved from Lahore to Glasgow when she was less than year old. Presently she divides her time between London and Mumbai. Her other works includes Purdah and other poems (1988), Post Cards from God (1997), I speak for devil (2001), Terrorist at my table (2006), Leaving foot prints (2009). Dharker is also a documentary film-maker and has scripted and directed over a hundred films and audio-visuals, centering on education, reproductive health and shelter for women and children. In 1980 she was awarded a Silver Lotus for a short film. She is also an accomplished artist. The main themes of her poetry include home, freedom, journeys, geographical and cultural displacement, communal conflict and gender politics. Today she is considered as one of the most important contemporary poets. The theme of social exclusion can be clearly seen in both of the poems. It is also her background and her personal experience that influence her work. In her poem Minority, Imitiaz Dharker talks about the condition and the problems faced by a person who belongs to a minority. As her other notable works even in this poem her own cultural background and her personal experiences can be clearly understood. When we first see the tittle we can clearly infer that it has something to do with minority group or people belonging to minority. The tittle says it all. It is a first person narrative but it is difficult to find out the gender of the speaker. Let’s just take into account that the speaker is a female. There is a heavy use of metaphor in the poem. So the speaker says, she was born a foreigner and after that wherever she went she carried the tag of foreigner with her. These lines can be directly linked with the life of the poet herself as she was born in Lahore but soon the family shifted. So even where the speaker was born she is foreigner in that country. Further the speaker says that she went to places where her relatives stayed but, just like the roots of tubers even when the hold was deep within she felt like she was an outsider like she didn’t belong there. Everything was new to her. This is probably a reference to poets’ home country. People like to maintain a safe distance from a person who is different than them. The people who are supposed to understand the speaker are the ones who distance themselves from her just because she is a minority, isolating her culturally and socially. This people are the educated ones who are isolating her. The speaker has compared herself to a clumsily translated poem. Her life is a poem but a translated one which lacks the grace and is full of gawky moments. She doesn’t seem to fit anywhere. She can’t find a place where she can adapt because she is never given a chance to do so. Cooking food in coconut has long been a Indian tradition. To people she is like the food cooked in coconut. The mention of ghee and cream contradict each other because both of them belong to different cultures. So where people expect ghee and cream speakers’ life is like food cooked in coconut and it gives an aftertaste of neem and cardamom instead of two good items like ghee and cream. Neem and cardamom it’s bitter and people don’t like it. Whether it’s in her home country or any other country and thus makes her a minority. There comes a point when people find her language strange and don’t seem to accept her. It’s like she has landed into a trap by saying anything to the people at all. They are just waiting for their traps to work and are waiting to put her down and make her a minority on basis of her language. There is an frame fixed in the minds of people, a perfect frame which is as good as them and they view everyone through this frame but when the speakers picture comes into the frame the frame slips. Her picture is not good enough for the frame like they can’t accept someone like her, someone from the minority and that she is not good enough to be with them not good enough to be called as their own. They see someone who is not tuned with them, someone who is not like them, someone who is from a different world, someone like a ghost. For them the speaker stands out for apparently all wrong reasons and she is an outsider to them, in their midst she is an alien. So the speaker sits scratching throughout her lonely nights. It can be interpreted as she is scratching a desperate plea a message on a piece of paper. But if we infer the deeper meaning it can also mean that she is scratching because she is feeling uneasy, she is scratching over the scab of division and the label that she is a minority. She is scratching over the scab of people treating her minority over her skin colour. ‘A page doesn’t fight back’, according to me this is the most powerful line in the whole poem. By page here she is referring to a minority person like herself. The speaker hopes that whatever she has spoken so far shoots through the thick layer of stereotypes the community has set and the noise of repression of the community. So whole carrying on with this life of hers, the speaker comes across a person who is stranger to her yet there is something about the person that makes her feel like she knows him or her. The face of the person is pure and simple without any mask of stereotypes. The speaker can actually read through the persons face and his or her outcast eyes. She comes to a realization that the person is like her a minority. She comes to a realization that she is not only the one who is an outcast, one who has no place to call home and one who is a foreigner wherever she goes. It gives speaker some hope to know that she doesn’t stand alone. The poem reflects the life of the poet herself. While she visits India people view her as a visitor and also because she is a Muslim, who come under minority in our country. On the other hand when she is in western countries people view her as an immigrant. The poem gives us an idea about the feelings of people belonging to minority. ‘They’ll say: â€Å"She must be from another country†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The poem, ‘they’ll say: â€Å"She must be from another country†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is also written by Imitiaz Dharker. The poem is a sharp critic on various forms of exploitation that are carried in India as well as in different parts of world. The poem is about how people of the world can’t come to terms with a person who is liberal and open-minded. The poet has criticized old and traditional minds. The poem gives various indirect references to racial discrimination, state repression and curbing the right to freedom of expression. We have examples of painters like MF Husain and writers like Salman Rushdie who were opposed at different times due to their work. The poet talks about them indirectly without mentioning their names. Numerous films have been opposed just because they clash with some minds. The speaker is a female as it is clearly said in the poem and as well as the tittle. In country like India or any other country for that matter, not everything is welcomed open mindedly. Pieces of literature and art which are found to be offensive are taking down while not looking or hearing what the creator of the masterpiece wants to say about it. Whether he she really means any offence to particular religion, group of people and if he or she wants to hurt any sentiments. There are some traditional and orthodox minds that do not seem to respect freedom of expression. In today’s ever changing and modern world lines like right to freedom of speech and expression are only to say but in reality this things are not welcomed. Certain anti-social minds think they are protecting their identity or uplifting the interests of their religion or community. But this is not true. They are just not bold enough to take whatever falls on their ears even if it is the truth. So as the speaker says books are burned and paintings are taken down. Just because the thoughts expressed in those pieces of work clash with the orthodox thinking. Sometimes even the educated minds do this. Of course all are open to say whatever they want but I think it can be done in a better way other than taking down the books and the paintings. This people aren’t mature enough to accept ideas which come across them. We have numerous examples of books which have been banned. They condemn the pieces of master pieces to dust when a particular piece of art is found disturbing. Art is expressed in different ways. Every artist has his or her own style of expressing their ideas on a paper. Not all naked pictures of Gods and Goddesses are painted to tarnish a particular religion. We need to look through the artist’s eye to understand them to understand the beauty of it. Burning the work isn’t going to help. There are cases in our country when artists were forced to leave the country. Whenever this happens we lose these valuable masterminds. Then the speaker also talks about films which are banned. Whenever films are released on controversial topics, there are people who oppose their screening and in most of the cases even stop them from getting screened. They vandalize the cinema houses and destroy the property if their demands are not met. When the speaker questions such behavior she is told that she must be from another country. It indirectly indicates that this type of behavior is not going to stop and that it happens often. There are times when a person is criticized due to the language and accent. They point it out and explain it the way it should be spoken and they’ll say she must be from another country. The speaker further says when she walks with her head up, with dignity, commanding respect they criticize. As being a woman they expect her to keep her head down and walk as if she’s some less of the person. When the speaker wears table cloth to go to town, it means when she wears different type of clothes like stylish clothes she is condemned. Even today i8n certain places women are not allowed to wear western outfits. The speaker says there is discrimination on the basis of colour and sexual orientation of a person. If any Indian or Asian goes in western countries, they are often discriminated on the basis of their skin colour. The speaker also says that, if a person is gay then he or she is not accepted in society by the orthodox minds. Hence when they see a black person or a gay they whisper to each other that he or she doesn’t belong here. The speaker further adds about how there is a huge gap between a country like India and other western countries like the Great Britain. They find the speakers habits disgusting. Such as eating olives and spitting out the pits, peeing outside. These people belong to a sophisticated place and hence do not like such things. The mention of Bombay shows that she is clearly talking about India. The places like opera are meant for serious minded and elite class of society. So the speaker says when she yawns in opera and laughs, they do not like it. They say very sadly and with disgust that she is same as rest and does not belong here. So due to all this un-acceptance she receives everywhere, the speaker says that maybe there is a country foe all the freaks like herself. By freaks she means the liberal minded people who are considered as freaks by the orthodox minded people. This are the people who do not owe any allegiance or loyalty to the old fat fools who wear the uniform. By this she does not necessarily mean the police. It means all those people in power and influence. According to her they are the one who act like crooks and thugs and take away the rights of people when they are the ones supposed to protect the interests of people. The people with power suppress anyone who comes in their way and by doing so they break the same rules which they are supposed to abide by. Further the speaker says the country is just for namesake and to her and other people like her it doesn’t look like a country at all. There are cracks all over and people like her live behind the backs of those who rule with their cruel power. There are divisions and this is tearing up the country. So the words like national integration and universal brotherhood look good only in books and pages. The speaker has never understood this eccentric behavior and is at peace with it. She is happy that she is not associated in any way with the fat old fools and happy that she remains an alien to the customs and traditions. She readily accepts the tag of outsider. She accepts that she indeed belongs to a different country which probably doesn’t exist. A country where freedom is put down and chained in every way possible. The two poems are related to each other. In both poems the person is made to feel different and unwanted and in the end somehow in both poems the speakers have found some hope and solitude.

A Study On Dialogue And Learning Education Essay

Dialogue has been recognized as the most noteworthy illustration of Western literature by Plato since 428/427 BC – 348/347 BC ; . In Grecian and Indian literature, peculiarly the ancient art of rhetoric, it is historically beginnings as narrative, philosophical or educational device. The duologue has been used to learn a scope of topics, including doctrine, logic, rhetoric, and mathematics. Dialogue ( the Greek DIA for through and logos for word ) can be defined to include legion communicative Acts of the Apostless includes conversation, talk, communicating, interchange, discourse, statement, chat, chitchat, colloquy, every bit good as treatment, argument, exchange of positions, tete-a-tete, audience, conference, meeting, interview, inquiry and reply session, and dialogues ( New Oxford Thesaurus of English 2000 ) . Dialogic acquisition can happen in any educational state of affairs and contains an of import potency for societal transmutation.[ 2 ]Assorted parts to Dialogic acquisition has been developed on many positions and subjects such as, P. Freire, 1970 on the theory of Dialogic action, G. Wells, 1999 looking for the Dialogic enquiry attack, J. Habermas, 1984 with the theory of communicative action, M. Bakhtin, 1981, the impression of Dialogic imaginativeness, and Soler, 2004, the dialogical ego. Among those, there are many more modern-day writers on Dialogic constructs, J. Mezirow, 1990, 1991, 2000 transformative larning theory, M. Fielding 2001, pupils as extremist agents of alteration, T. Koschmann, 1999 emphasizes the possible advantages of following dialogicality as the footing of instruction, Anne C. Hargrave, 2000 shows that kids in Dialogic-learning in vocabulary. Specifically, the construct of Dialogic acquisition ( Flecha, 2000 )[ 3 ]evolved from the probe and observation of how people learn both outside and interior of schools, when moving and larning freely is allowed.The theoryThe construct of Dialogic acquisition is non new. In the book Mind and Society, 1962, Vygotsky argued that kids larn how to utilize be aftering map of their linguistic communication efficaciously and their psychological field alterations basically. He argued that a kid begins to get the hang his milieus with the aid of address prior to get the hanging his ain behaviour. He claimed that the creative activity of these alone homo signifiers of behaviour which finally produced the rational productive work with the usage of tools. This was described in his observations of kids in an experimental state of affairs showed that kids non merely move in trying to accomplish a end but besides speak. This address arose spontaneously and continued about without break throughout the experiment. He claimed that it seems that both natural and necessary for kids to talk while they act. Respectively, Vygotsky drew the same sort of differentiation between the ‘spontaneous ‘ construct of mundane acquisition and the ‘scientific ‘ construct of the schoolroom.[ 4 ]Vygotsky, 1962 argues that the origin of a self-generated construct can normally be traced to a face-to-face meeting with a concrete state of affairs, while a scientific construct involves from the first a ‘mediated ‘ attitude towards it object. Paulo Reglus Neves Freire ( 1921-1997 ) , 1970 theory of Dialogic action 1921 -1997 was a Brazilian pedagogue and influential theoretician of critical teaching method.[ 5 ]He was an educationalist known for developing popular instruction ; he puts duologue as a type of teaching method.[ 6 ]Freire argued that duologue as a agency of democratising instruction ( Freire 1972, 1999 ) . Dialogue communicating allowed pupils and instructors to larn from one another in an environment characterized by regard and equality. He advocates himself to back up suppressed people with their public presentation or application of accomplishments that is informed and linked to their values, by executing and using their accomplishments in order to do teaching method for a more thickening apprehension and doing positive alterations to them. He states that human nature is Dialogic, and he believes that communicating has a prima function in people ‘s life. Dialogue is a claim in favour of the democrati c pick of pedagogues and scholars. The end of the Dialogic action is ever to uncover the truth interacting with others and the universe. He claimed that we are continually in duologue with others and it is in that procedure that we create and recreate ourselves. Besides, in order to advance free and critical acquisition, he insists that we should make the conditions for duologue that encourages the epistemic wonder of the scholar. The Russian philosopher, literary critic, semiotician and bookman who worked on literary theory, moralss, and the doctrine of linguistic communication, Mikhail M. Bakhtin, 1981, distinguishes the impression of Dialogic imaginativeness. He has theorized duologue in stressing the power of discourse to increase apprehension of multiple positions and make countless possibilities.[ 7 ]Bakhtin argued that duologue creates a new apprehension of a state of affairs that demands alteration as relationships and connexions exist among all living existences.[ 8 ]His construct of dialogism states a relation between linguistic communication, interaction, and societal transmutation. Holquist, 1990 described Bakhtin ‘s Hagiographas on dialogicality are profound and stand for a substantial displacement from predominating positions on the nature of linguistic communication and cognition[ 9 ]. Bakhtin established that there is a demand of making significances in a Dialogic manner with other people .[ 10 ]He believed that person does non be outside duologue. The construct of duologue itself establishes the being of the â€Å" other † individual. It is through duologue that the â€Å" other † can non be silenced or excluded. Bakhtin claimed that significances are created in the procedures of contemplation between people. He describes, we use the same significances subsequently in conversations with others, where those significances get better and even change as we obtain new significances. Therefore, when we talk, we learn something. In this sense, every clip that we talk about something that we have read about, seen or felt ; we are really reflecting the duologues we have had with others, demoing the significances that we have created in the old duologues with others. That said, duologue can non be separated from the positions of others: larning derives from here with the single address and the corporate 1 is profoundly related to one ‘s life. Bakhtin asser ts that negotiations is a concatenation of duologues, he points that every duologue consequences from a old one and, at the same clip, every new duologue are traveling to be presented in future 1s. Fitz Simons, G. ( 1994 )[ 11 ]the â€Å" learning communities † , an educational undertaking which seeks societal and cultural transmutation of educational centres and their milieus through Dialogic acquisition, stressing classless duologue among all community members, including learning staff, pupils, households, entities, and voluntaries. Fitz Simons points out: â€Å" The demand to set up an ambiance of common regard and a feeling of community in which grownup scholars are encouraged to be independent scholars and to portion their expertness † ( p. 24-25, 1994 )Dialogic LearningFletcher, 2000 looks at the construct of Dialogic larning evolved from the probe and observation of how people learn both outside and interior of schools, when larning and moving freely is allowed. She describes unfastened duologue which derived from the position of Freire, 1997 engagement of all members of the community the acquisition communities as research shows that larning procedure take topographic point in different infinites of the scholars ‘ life regardless of the scholars ‘ age, and including the instruction staff, depend more on the coordination among all the interactions and activities. The acknowledgment and regard of different types of cognition raise the consciousness that each individual has something to portion, something different and every bit of import. Therefore, the wider the diverseness of voices engaged in unfastened duologue, the better the cognition that can be dialogically constructed. Fletcha puts as†¦ â€Å" [ Dialogic larning ] lead to the transmutation of instruction centres into larning communities where all the people and groups involved enter into relationships with each other. In this manner, the environment is transformed, making new cognitive development and greater societal and educational equality. † ( p. 24 ) Edward and Mercer, 1987 emphasize that the ‘dialogue ‘ construct is ‘ground regulations of conversation ‘ because it operates as inexplicit sets of regulations for acting in peculiar sorts of state of affairs which participants normally take for granted[ 12 ]. ( Edward and Mercer, 1987 ) In 2007, Mercer and Littleton ‘s argues that ‘talk ‘ is non merely the mediating means for back uping single development, but instead that ways of thought are embedded in ways of utilizing linguistic communication. This ‘talk ‘ is more emphatic on as a valuable, societal manner of thought, non merely larning. They argue that scholars engage and interact with others may hold a profound and digesting impact on their accomplishment and rational development.[ 13 ]They further argue that ‘learning ‘ and ‘development ‘ are two footings that related and have both been used in a great trade. Learning is frequently in the company of ‘teaching ‘ . These two words are required to name upon the sorts of cognitive and rational alterations in kids ‘s acquisition. He asserts that ‘learning ‘ is usually associated with the gaining of cognition and the acquisition of some fact or accomplishment. It invokes thoughts of some kind of growing, the outgrowth of a new entity and the reaching of a new province of personal businesss. A subscriber to Mercer and Littleton, Chris Watkins, 2003 ( A bookman in instruction and acquisition ) has distinguished three influential constructs of acquisition: Learning is being taught, larning is the single sense devising, acquisition is constructing cognition with others.[ 14 ] Harry Daniel 2001 claims that schoolroom talk or duologue mediates non merely learning and larning but besides the wider civilization.[ 15 ]He claims that worlds are seen as animals who have a alone capacity for communicating and whose lives are usually led within groups, communities and societies based on shared ways of utilizing linguistic communication, ways of thought, societal patterns and tools for acquiring things done. Daniels emphasizes that such talk, must non be regarded as simple ‘interaction ‘ , but narrowly regarded and bounded by the immediateness of the larning undertaking in manus. Similarly, the Dialogic enquiry attack by Gordon Wells, 1999[ 16 ], Wells argues that schoolroom duologue has been proposed as a method of presenting critical instruction ( Wells 1999, Alro & A ; Skovsmose 2002 ) â€Å" Dialogic enquiry † is an educational attack that acknowledges the dialectic relationship between the person and the society, and an attitude for geting cognition through communicative interactions. Wells points out that the sensitivity for â€Å" Dialogic enquiry † depends on the features of the acquisition environments, and that is why it is of import to reorganise them into contexts for collaborative action and interaction. Wells defines â€Å" enquiry † non as a method but as a sensitivity for oppugning, seeking to understand state of affairss join forcesing with others with the aim of happening replies. Wells farther argues that Dialogic enquiry non merely enriches persons ‘ cognition but besides transforms it, guaranting the endurance o f different civilizations and their capacity to transform themselves harmonizing to the demands of every societal minute. Wells claims that Dialogic enquiry non merely enriches persons ‘ cognition but besides transforms it, guaranting the endurance of different civilizations and their capacity to transform themselves harmonizing to the demands of every societal minute. Education is seen as a Dialogic procedure, with pupils and instructors working together within scenes that reflect the values and societal patterns of schools as cultural establishments. Alro & A ; Skovsmose, 2002 relate duologue to the larning procedure by property three indispensable belongingss to the impression of duologue ; doing an enquiry, running a hazard and keeping equality.[ 17 ]These indispensable belongingss must be characteristic of the scene of interaction in order for a â€Å" acquisition † duologue to happen. Making an enquiry means learner researching what he does non yet cognize and sharing the desire to derive new experiences. For an enquiry to be Dialogic it must be unfastened to participants conveying their ain positions rooted in their backgrounds into the enquiry. Learners must besides be willing to suspend their ain positions in order to see the positions of others and in jointing these positions new and more insightful positions might come into positi on. For that ground, Dialogic is running a hazard in the ambiguity and uncertainness of the duologue procedure. Learners to a duologue propose other people ‘s positions, nevertheless voyaging in a landscape of probe means that there are no pre-established replies to energetic inquiries. Therefore â€Å" duologue includes risk-taking both in an epistemic and an emotional sense † . In other words scholars to a duologue will be challenged on their cognition every bit good as their emotions. In order for participants to stay in the Dialogic procedure it must be ensured that the uncertainness ne'er appears excessively uncomfortable. They claim that duologue could so keep equality by proposing that scholars are engaged at a degree of para. Parity in this sense does non equal sameness but instead equity. Learners may come in the duologue in different capacities and being equal therefore comes to depend on the ability of scholars to encompass and accept diverseness ( Alro & A ; Skovsmose, 2002 ) . After old ages of research conducted in several states ; India, USA, France, Italy and England with a squad of research workers, Robin Alexander 2004[ 18 ]has put talk as the outstanding component for effectual thought and learning demand for kids. He has distinguished talk for a typical pedagogical attack called ‘Dialogic learning ‘ . He argues that linguistic communication and idea are closely related, and the extent and mode of kids ‘s cognitive development depend to a considerable grade on the signifiers and contexts of linguistic communication which they have encountered and used. This new attack demands both pupil battle and instructor intercession by which students actively prosecute and instructors constructively intervene is through talk.Dialogue and Higher degree of EducationFor higher educational degree, Diana Laurillard, 2002 puts a Dialogic acquisition model as ‘Conversational Framework ‘ . This model supports assorted media signifiers such as narrative, synergistic, adaptative, communicative and productive. The thought of a colloquial model, is used to specify the acquisition procedure for higher instruction and so to construe the extent to which new engineering can back up and heighten high degree conceptual acquisition. She describes that larning must be dianoetic and the instructor should be tie ining learning and larning procedure with the universe. Laurillard asserts that larning engineerings must accomplish their full potency for transforming larning experience. Laurillard argues that the faculty members ; Universities, Institutions, colleges, schools etc. Should get down with an apprehension of how pupils learn, and they should plan and utilize the Conversational Framework and the acquisition engineerings from this point of view to familiarise a better acquisition scheme for university instruction. Laurillard ‘s thought is barely new as she quoted Paul Ramsden ‘s statement that instruction is a kind of conversation. Respectively, Kolb ‘s ‘learning rhythm ‘ ( Kolb, 1984 ) states that larning occurs through an iterative rhythm of experience followed by feedback, so reflected on to be used as revised action[ 19 ]. Gordon Pask, 1976 formalized the thought of larning as a conversation in conversation theory. This theory lays out the separation of ‘description ‘ and ‘model-building behaviours, and the definition of understanding as ‘determined by two degrees of understanding ‘ ( Ibid. 22 )[ 20 ]. This describes the feature of the learning – acquisition procedure is iterative ‘conversation ‘ . Besides schoolroom instruction, dialogue instruction is described as an attack to adult instruction by pedagogue, Jane Vella in the 1980 ‘s. This attack to education draws on assorted grownup larning theories, including those of Paulo Freire, Kurt Lewin, Malcolm Knowles and Benjamin Bloom ( Global Learning Partners, 2006b ; Vella, 2004 ) . It is a synthesis of these abstract theories into rules and patterns that can be applied in a concrete manner to larning design and facilitation. Dialogue instruction is a signifier of Constructivism and can be a agency for Transformative acquisition, ( Vella, 2004 ) . Dialogue instruction shifts the focal point of instruction from what the instructor says to what the scholar does, from learner passiveness to scholars as active participants in the duologue that leads to larning ( Global Learning Partners, 2006c ) . A duologue attack to education positions scholars as topics in their ain acquisition and awards cardinal rules such as common reg ard and unfastened communicating ( Vella, 2002 ) . Learners are invited to actively prosecute with the content being learned instead than being dependent on the pedagogue for larning. Ideas are presented to scholars as unfastened inquiries to be reflected on and integrated into the scholar ‘s ain context ( Vella, 2004 ) . The purpose is that this will ensue in more meaningful acquisition.DecisionSignificantly duologue and larning are two footings that ca n't stand by its ain without the other ‘s presence. It is now that the duty of this survey to analyze duologue and acquisition to a farther class of current new media nomadic engineering. How does kids doing usage of nomadic devices in the universe of nomadic engineering in this transmutation age of environment? How does larning so develop from these engineerings? Why does a kid today communicate so much with engineering? That said my hypothesis that the new media nomadic engineering has potential in easing the procedure of kids ‘s acquisition development. Do these engineerings provide acquisition tools which are able to supply important cognition development? Besides, Vygotsky and Vygotskian theory claimed that the acquisition tools are some sort of kids ‘s higher psychological maps of doing his or her interactions to their societal and moral development. As we all knew, these duologues are being created, learned and used by our kids enormously without our consciousness twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours in their universe of communications in synergistic nomadic engineerings. These duologues and larning are integrated with their hand-held appliances, computing machines and package, larning stuffs, playing the games in the practical universe. With the being of other characteristics ; design, sound and picture, picture taking, colourss, founts, information, and programming linguistic communication voyaging them throughout the lessons and plans. Our kids or scholars and members jointl y produce Dialogic cognition and take part in the definition of actions that lead to societal and educational alteration. Therefore, this research sees duologue and larning associates to the impression of Bakhtin dialogicality as duologue represents this senses where it mediates the new media that our kids to listen and watch. These duologues can take legion other signifiers such as: lupus erythematosus structured, more informal and more participatory than interviews or treatment groups, e.g. By promoting participants to put the docket for treatment and for the research worker to take an active function in the treatment instead than merely the function as a hearer. This attack will allow participants to the duologue a sense of equality and the freedom to convey into the duologue whichever subject they deem relevant. Inviting research participants in the reading procedure at the same time embrace a Dialogic epistemology acknowledging the value of negociating, reflecting and construing with the end of common apprehension and relationship edifice. Therefore, in this survey we need to contract our apprehension of duologue and turn to the inquiry of the part of duologue in the synergistic Mobile engineerings in the kids ‘s psychological acquisition development. In the acquisition communities, it is basica lly the engagement of all members of the community because, as research shows, larning procedures, irrespective of the scholars ‘ age, and including the instruction staff, depend more on the coordination among all the interactions and activities that take topographic point in different infinites of the scholars ‘ life, like school, place, and workplace, so merely on interactions and activities developed in infinites of formal acquisition, such as schoolrooms. Along these lines, the â€Å" learning communities † undertaking aims at multiplying larning contexts and interactions with the aim of all participants making higher degrees of development ( Vygotsky, 1978 )[ 21 ].

Strategies for Positive Thinking

Much of what we experience in our life depends on what we pay attention to. Every day, some things may go right and some things may go wrong. If we give more attention to the things that go right and dwell on those things, you’ll experience more happiness. 1. Think constructively. For positive thinking to truly make a difference in our life, we must replace negative thoughts as they occur. Most important, however, is the need to get whatever benefits we can out of the negative thought before we erase it from our mind. Instead of ignoring our negative thought and hoping it will go away, ask ourself if the critic inside of us is trying to teach you something valuable. Take note of the lesson, and then quickly discard the negative thought. Replace it with a positive perspective on the same situation. * Whenever we experience negative thinking, we have to ask ourself: â€Å"What else could this mean? † If someone treats us unfairly, it could mean that they don’t like us very much. But it probably means they’re just having a bad day. How can you help? Do you see how this question can change our entire outlook? . Use positive affirmations. Often, when faced with a stressful situation, we resort to a pattern of thinking and behaving that has become a habit. How do we create new habits that support our success instead of sabotaging it? Positive affirmations are the key. * Write out the things we want in life and the qualities we want to possess. Write these statements in the present tense, and use positive language. Repeat these statements to ourselves over and over again. WE have to do this every day, and before long we’ll strongly believe the words of the affirmation we’ve created for ourselves. If a habit of thinking is holding one back, what’s stopping one from creating a new habit? Try this immediately and experience its power for oneself. 3. Smile and be thankful. * Smile and greet everyone we meet warmly. Smiles are contagious, and we’ll instantly begin to feel a difference inside ourself. * Pause throughout the day to think about things that we are grateful for. The more we practice gratitude, the better we’ll feel about life and about ourself. 42. Surround ourself with positive people. Most people who soar to incredible heights of ccomplishment in their lives do so because they surround themselves with positive, encouraging people. It’s hard to have a positive outlook when everyone around us is complaining all the time. * If we surround ourself with people who routinely seek the good inside us, we’ll begin to do the same. Spend less time with negative people and more time with those who speak words of support into our life. If we do, we’ll experience greater power, self-confidence and joy. The negative thoughts of the crit ic inside of us serve a valuable purpose. Things aren’t always rosy, and it’s important to learn from our experiences so that we don’t make the same mistakes. However, we can begin to harness the power of positive thinking today. We will be able to move closer to joy and success we deserve in our life by applying these simple stragegies. †¢Develop optimistic self-talk. †¢Replace negative internal conversations with ourselves. †¢Develop relaxing and meditating techniques. †¢Create friendship patterns with those who give us good feelings. †¢Take small steps to move out of our comfort zone. Accept or decline other peoples’ emotions on our terms. †¢Control our time and don’t let others use it. †¢Create a good physical image for ourselves. First impressions count! †¢Review our existing image and style, find out way for improving it. †¢Don’t spend too much time thinking about what has happened. Past is gone! Don’t lose sleep going over things or re-enact past and future conversations. Live in Present. †¢Find some â€Å"heroes† and identify with them. Collect some best motivational quotes from them to which we can relate. †¢Think about our voice and how we use it. Develop our listening and questioning skills. Be confident in our conversations. †¢Create some titles which helps to increase our self esteem eg â€Å"I am good. † †¢See life as half-full and not half empty. We have to always remember that 99% of what we fear will happen, actually never takes place. †¢Remember our gesture clusters! Posture, handshake and walk. †¢Remember positive behaviors comes from energy. Find our own strategies for developing this. It could be as simple as playing a rousing piece of music to oneself before giving a presentation, attending an interview or having a meeting.

Planning for the East Coast Banks Future Term Paper

Planning for the East Coast Banks Future - Term Paper Example Where the teller/customers agents recorded a33% turn over whereas the assistant managers recorded the lowest turnover of 17%. This holds an indication that, the customer teller agents level, has got the highest percentage of employees leaving the bank and hence, signifying a labor shortage at the teller/customer agent level. Whereas, the assistant manager’s level indicated a 17% turnover, which implied that the employees at the level of assistant managers hardly left the bank, indicating a surplus in this positions (Ivancevich, 2006). I would embark on the Recruitment strategies as one of the techniques to curb the labor shortages in the East Coast Bank. It involves the process of attracting, screening and also selecting the competent individuals for the positions experiencing shortages within an organization. Recruitment is one of the key activities carried out by management in the attempt to secure an efficient workforce. Apart from curbing employee shortage, recruitment enables the top management to identify the potentiality of the labor market (Riley, 2012). Employee retention is another strategy that I would embark on to curb labor shortages. The hiring of employees constitutes only the first step. But creating awareness on the significance of employee’s retention is extremely essential. Costs that are linked to employees turnover include losing of customers together with damaged employee morale. Retention of the employees is thus, the ability of an organization to both attract and ensure retention of their workforce. A retention practice ensures a diverse workforce, where obstacles are eliminated, allowing workers to have a full participation at their places of work. This results in employee’s commitment and high productivity levels.

Baldrige Research Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Baldrige Research Outline - Essay Example II. Its mission is to enable its customers improve their mode of operations by incorporating information and communication solutions offered. In order to achieve its mission, the company’s products and services are distributed through integrated mechanisms and structures which include presence of extensive dealers, integrator and service networks among others. c) Budget preparation should incorporate future changes in cyclical peaks. The relevant people preparing the budget should have relevant information about changes that are likely to occur. This will enable them make appropriate decisions for all phases of development. b) The Excellence Scorecards bounds the staff and other stakeholders to be very responsible hence everyone will be committed towards achieving missions and goals of the company. They develop personnel commitments which reduce employee turnover. Managers and individuals will focus on the ways of improved service delivery so as to satisfy the customers (Cazzell, 2009). c) These forecasting techniques enable top level leaders to establish priorities in conjunction with efforts to implement and deliver solutions to customers on time and whenever they require. It also helps create customer intimacy since the design and development processes of products and services will be done while aligning customers demands and expectations. d) The scorecard process enables the company management set key strategic initiatives that are linked to business processes focused on results. The end results of all business processes should create value to both employees and key stakeholders of the company. f) Motorola Online extranets which the company adopted is used to adjust shipments and products that are available so as to meet the needs of potential customers. In general, the forecasting techniques are used to improve customer service, which is the first priority of the company. V. MRP concepts- The Company uses intranet data

[Political Economy]Draw the view of good community and its purpose by Essay

[Political Economy]Draw the view of good community and its purpose by classical philosopher like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Be - Essay Example The two individuals and their parties hold divergent views and positions on the political economy of the American Nation. This essay will generally view the whole country as one single national community. The paper will analyze and argue the ideas of what is good for the community and review the party and candidate positions in the presidential elections campaigns. The Community and the American Vote In the ongoing political campaigns, both candidates are seeking the votes of various groups. They are seeking the votes of young people, seniors, the wealthy, the middleclass, the poor, professionals, and the jobless, among many different other categories of voters. In wooing the different voters, the candidates and their parties are proposing different policies that they feel will better suit the whole American community while at the same time benefitting some special interest groups. A government's budget is more than a mass of numbers; it reveals a nation's priorities and aspirations. The Obama and Romney budget proposals offer two starkly different visions of America's future, making this election the sharpest contrast between competing economic philosophies since Lyndon Johnson routed Barry Goldwater in 1964. (Blinder) For example, one strategy proposed to achieve the good of the community is President Obama’s Medical Care program that was signed into law in 2010. The law seeks to afford every American citizen universal health care. The Democrats have been in its full support while the Republicans have been critical about it. Obamacare seems to respond to Bentham's theory of Utilitarian rights as explained in his book, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. The most common criticism of Obamacare is that it encourages a culture of dependency and undeserved entitlement. Distribution of Power and Wealth for the Good of the Community Morath (2012) aptly captures the differences the two politicians and their parties approach the campaigns and issues affecting the voter. Kevin Hassett, adviser to  Mitt Romney, said the Republican nominee would take a hard line on entitlement spending that would create the â€Å"sigh of relief effect† needed to encourage businesses to expand. Obama adviser  Jeffery Liebman  said the president would spark job growth, and ultimately consumer demand, through targeted spending on infrastructure, schools and public safety. (Morath) Taxation is one area where the two presidential aspirants widely differ in policy. Both parties offer taxation policies that work according to the philosophies of distribution as expounded by Aristotle in his views on distributive justice. â€Å"Yet the true friend of the people should see that they be not too poor, for extreme poverty lowers the character of the democracy; measures therefore should be taken which will give them lasting prosperity.† (Aristotle, Politics, in Sommerville, p.93) Rousseau asserts that the general will is most impo rtantly enforced by the rule of law and is for the good of both the individual and the community. The general will serves first the community of citizens, rather than the rich minority. This seems in line with the taxation proposals by Obama’s team to tax the rich more. The 2012 election seems to represent some contest between the rich and the poor. Gazing beyond the rhetoric, they would notice how unwilling each party really is to cede any

Pharmacy Admission Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pharmacy Admission Letter - Essay Example Once in a while I have participated in volunteer work to help the sick and the poor due to the call I have to care for the needy. At one time, I accompanied my parent in China and I volunteered to help the poor and the sick. I have been serious with my studies throughout my academic life after I scored a bad grade once when I enjoyed my freedom immediately I went to college. Since then, my academic track has been smooth and I have always maintained good grades in my area of study. I really like the program run LECOM Erie School of Pharmacy since it is possible to complete a Doctorate degree within three years instead of four years. The institution runs all year round curriculum hence they are able to complete their curriculum within three years. This is very encouraging especially to me since I am a sharp student and for this case, one spends less time in college. Having studied Psychology major and biology minor Case Western Reserve University, I have sound background in what is required for one to study a Doctorate of Pharmacy Degree. Since I have good background in the pharmacy area coupled with me being a fast learner, I believe the Doctorate of Pharmacy Degree fits my area of specialization.

Morality and Humanity In Kants View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Morality and Humanity In Kants View - Essay Example Second, recast that maxim as a universal law of nature governing all rational agents, and so as holding that all must, by natural law, act as you yourself propose to act in these circumstances. Third, consider whether your maxim is even conceivable in a world governed by this law of nature. If it is, then, fourth, ask yourself whether you would, or could, rationally will to act on your maxim in such a world. If you could, then your action is morally permissible. Throughout his moral works, Kant returns time and again to the question of the method moral philosophy should employ when pursuing these aims. A basic theme of these discussions is that the fundamental philosophical issues must be addressed a priori, that is, without drawing on observations of human beings and their behavior. Once we â€Å"seek out and establish† the fundamental principle of morality a priori, then we may consult facts drawn from experience in order to determine how best to apply this principle to huma n beings and generate particular conclusions about how we ought to act. Kant's insistence on an a priorimethod to seek out and establish fundamental moral principles, however, does not always appear to be matched by his own practice. The Groundwork, for instance, makes repeated appeals to empirical facts (that our wills are determined by practical principles, that various motivations are variable in producing right actions, and so on). Later ethical works rely even more heavily on empirical generalizations. Kant did not take himself to be employing these assumptions in seeking out and establishing the fundamental moral principle, only in applying it to human beings. Nevertheless, it is not always easy to tell whether Kant's arguments gain their plausibility only by relying on ideas established by observations of human being and the world they inhabit. Kant's example of a perfect duty to others concerns a promise you might consider making but have no intention of keeping in order to get needed money. Naturally, being rational requires not contradicting oneself, but there is no self-contradiction in the maxim "I will make lying promises when it achieves something I want". An immoral action clearly does not involve a self-contradiction in this sense (as would the maxim of finding a married bachelor). Kant's position is that it is irrational to perform an action if that action's maxim contradicts itself once made into a universal law of nature. The maxim of lying whenever it gets what you want generates a contradiction once you try to combine it with the universalized version that all rational agents must, by a law of nature, lie when it gets what they want. Here is one way of seeing how this might work: If I conceive of a world in which everyone by nature must try to deceive people any time it will get what they want, I am conceiving of a world in which no practice of giving one's word could ever arise. So I am conceiving of a world in which no practice of giving one's word exists. My maxim, however, is to make a deceptive promise in order to get needed money. And it is a necessary means of doing this that a practice of taking the word of others exists, so that someone might take my word and I take advantage of their doing so. Thus, in trying to conceive of my maxim in a world in which no one ever takes anyone's word in such circumstances, I am trying to conceiv

Enquiry Based Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Enquiry Based Learning - Essay Example other sources. The group members were to meet in the next meeting with every member having researched enough /her area of allocation. The next meeting to be held on Monday of the coming week and all members left for the field. The main objective of the study is to identify the treatment measures of fatigue and the treatment strategies. It would also be important to hear from the patients of the causes of the disorder though it had already been covered in class. Presentation: Gertrude: have you noticed that most fatigue patients are women Or is that its women report the defect more frequently than men Debbie: I think more women report the disorder than men and in most cases reported the women are aged between 40 - 50 years. It does not get better with bed rest but gets worse with increased mental and physical activity. Petrina: (starting on the computer) most patients are reported to have had an infection such as flu, viral infection and after a long time of a lot of stress. Debbie: some cases have also been recorded after an of infection of the nervous system, lack of iron in the blood and low blood sugar, Gertrude: What are the main causes of the disease Maybe there are underlying causes which affect Mrs. White which we do not know. Debbie: Good idea, understand the cause will help in the treatment of other patients. Petrina: Gertrude, you wanted to go and join your fellow students; maybe you should go and see what is going on the main ward as we find more information for you. Gertrude: (leaving hurriedly) let me interact with the patients. I'll like to know more about their condition. Debbie: I hope we will find the right diagnosis for Mrs. White; she has...In general enquiry based learning avoids the spoon feeding kind of teaching experienced during lectures and reading lists but rather allows students to try theory they have learnt in class by themselves. The tutor takes a back seat and is only there to guide rather than dictate, the students split into groups and go to learn in they see best for them. The group members were to meet in the next meeting with every member having researched enough /her area of allocation. The next meeting to be held on Monday of the coming week and all members left for the field. The main objective of the study is to identify the treatment measures of fatigue and the treatment strategies. It would also be important to hear from the patients of the causes of the disorder though it had already been covered in class. Debbie: I think more women report the disorder than men and in most cases reported the women are aged between 40 - 50 years. It does not get better with bed rest but gets worse with increased mental and physical activity. Gertrude : really the disease seems to be complex I know now some causes which I had never imagined of before like lack of proper functioning of the immune system for example in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus and changes in the production levels of hormones produced mainly by the adrenal glands and the pituitary glands. Petrina: (walking into the visitors waiting r

Student Learning Environment & Scoring Rubric Essay

Student Learning Environment & Scoring Rubric - Essay Example Design of a rubric can be cumbersome but rewarding and useful. Today's Baccalaureate program in nursing seeks to provide leaders in nursing. This is a program that is needed in the 21st century, at a time when the world is expecting a tremendous number of patients as well as many chronic diseases. There are many challenges and at this point, there is a great shortage of nurses, therefore those who lead will need every innovation that they can find. This will include the ability to apply standards and assure core competencies, as well as teaching and mentoring newer nurses. This paper will examine the core competencies for this program and determine and determine how a nurse educator might achieve the learning environment that works (AACN, 1). According to the American Association of Colleges for Nursing, there are nine essentials that should be accomplished by the end of one's nursing program. These include, liberal education for the generalist, basic organizational and systems leadership, scholarship for evidence based practice, information management and application of patient care technology, health care policy, finance, and regulatory environments, interprofessional communication and collaboration for improving patient health outcomes, clinical prevention and population health, professionalism and professional values, and generalist nursing practice. These competencies are stated slightly differently but supported by the NLNAC and nurse educators. This paper will choose to discuss scholarship for evidence based practice, interprofessional communication and collaboration for improving patient health outcomes, and the baccalaureate generalist nursing practice. The AACN has determined that professional nursing should be supported by an evidence based practice. This includes identification of issues that affect practice as well as integration of evidence and evaluation of the outcome of that integration. Baccalaureate education should provide the tools for the graduate nurse to be prepared to use evidence based practice. This include the research process, clinical judgment, and interpersonal prospective (AACN, 1). Effective communication and collaboration among professionals in practice is essential in care today. Patient centered care has been proven by many studies to be effective an quality care (Kautz, Kuiper, Pesut, 2005). Interprofessional communication supports patient centered care, therefore interprofessional education where it involves evidence base or communication becomes an essential part of any Baccalaureate Nurse education. Learning to educate as well as communicate allows the nurse to introduce new practices more easily (IPMG, 6). Baccalaureate generalist nursing practice is essential because the overall program generally learned is completed with practice focused outcomes. This brings together the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are learned in all of the other essential practices. It allows the nurse to understand individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations in many different settings (AACN, 2009). In providing care, the nurse must be compassionate, well informed in evidence based practice, and well aware of how to conduct nursing research to meet this essential. Clinical reasoning should be evident in this nurse and she should

Honor and Duty- Rudyard Kipling Essay Essay Example for Free

Honor and Duty- Rudyard Kipling Essay Essay Three of Kipling’s poems, Young British Soldier, Tommy and Gunga Din were all components to a volume of poems entitled the Barack-Room Ballads. They were written in a Cockney dialect to gain support for the British military during the World Wars from the larger population of lower class people. They were used to convince the public that if they did not financially support the war efforts, they would be dishonorable. The duty of the people was to show support for the fighting. It was the only way they could show their loyalty to the cause and their country, and contribute to it. Kipling’s poems, in a way, were propaganda and the intent of the messages to the people were received. It convinced many to be eager to do their honor and duty to help the war effort by donating money and young men to join the army. Cash flow increased and soon the British ranks were filled with fresh soldiers from all classes. In addition to the effects on the citizens, the poems were also used to increase the feeling of honor and duty among the soldiers serving in the military. They became classic military fighting slogans that inspired courage and persistence through some of their harsh conditions. In Tommy, it was spoken about the poor treatment received when they entered local pubs or walked along the streets. The soldier of Kipling’s time defended the British Empire but was also picked at because of his low birth in the class system. A large portion of the soldiers who entered the military were just commoners. Gunga Din focuses more around race. The main character is an Indian water boy who carried water for British soldiers. He is treated as a lowly servant, yet is also seen as courageous when he is needed by a soldier on the battle-field. The poem is written through a soldier’s eyes and describes Gunga Din’s abuse from the others due to his dark skin tone. Kipling’s The Young British Soldier depicts a fighting soldier’s experience in the Afghan Wars. Twelve thousand British soldiers were killed and it was named Auckland’s Folly because it had been such a disaster to Britain. It explains how the young british soldier is expected to fight with duty and honor and contrarily describes the horrific experiences that soldiers would go through on the battlefield. Kipling’s poems impacted the British public greatly; it helped pull in money for the vast expenses of war while at the same time drawing in needed recruits for their military. For the soldiers who faced brutal deaths on the battlefields, the poems were chanted with pride and they helped lessen the painful reality.

Disadvantages of Globalization Essay Example for Free

Disadvantages of Globalization Essay One of the disadvantages of globalization is the over-standardization of products through global branding. Using Emirate Airline to illustrate this point, globalization will means that their services are standardized which aim to serve all customers. They would lose their uniqueness of the business culture after they go global. Also, the over-globalization will result in the lack of creativity and product diversity Hongladarom (2002), Zekos (2004). Moreover, globalization can also create diseconomies of scale as not all countries have the same growth and economic cycle. For example, Emirate may operate very well in the Middle East and Europe market but expanding into Asia or America market will reduce their profit. This could be due to difficulties of coordinating activities in those new markets or the culture differences. It is also important to note that globalization will cause de-industrialization and high unemployment in the domestic market. Empirical evidences included: Mello (1997), Rodrik (1996), Fagerberg (1994).

What Are The Challenges And Drivers Of Internationalization Management Essay

What Are The Challenges And Drivers Of Internationalization Management Essay In the modern world economy, business transactions can be conducted within the same city, the same country, or even between two countries. The term of internationalization has been adopted by many researchers, for instance Bell (1995): A firms engagement in a specific foreign market develops according to an establishment chain, i.e. at the start no export activities are performed in the market, then export takes place via independent representatives, later through a sales subsidiary, and, eventually manufacturing may follow. Internationalization has become a significant research topic for business academics in the past forty years. A substantial amount of research has focused on multinational enterprises (Dunning, 1973; Markusen, 1995; Kogut and Zander, 2003), with a growing interest in the internationalization of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994). Meanwhile small- and medium-sized companies (SMEs) have been believed to be significant in supporting economics improvement within a country (Mazzarol, Volery, Doss, and Thein, 1999). For example, in the Netherlands, SMEs account 98.8% of all private-sector companies, contribute 31.6% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and employ 55% of the total workforce (EIM Business Policy Research, 1999). Furthermore, obtaining sales outside their own domestic market is a goal of many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their governments (Economic Development Board, 1993). This thesis will be concentrated on the process of internationalization of SMEs, and especially the barriers of internationalization and motivations for export activities. In fact, SMEs are able to develop abroad since nowadays countries all around the world have become almost indistinguishable in terms of cultures and institutional settings (Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). 1.2 Problem statement According to problem indication, this there for leads to the following problem statement; What are the barriers and motivations of internationalization with regard to small and medium sized enterprises? 1.3 Research Questions The following questions will be posed in order to draw conclusions with respect to the problem statement: What are the characteristics of small and medium enterprises? How do the enterprises internationalize? What are the challenges and drivers of internationalization? 1.4 Research Method and Data Collection 1.4.1 Research Method This thesis will use a literature study as the method of research. To be able to answer the research questions, the research method that shall be used is the literature study. To develop a theoretical framework, exploratory studies are used in this research. It is the most ideal type of research for obtaining a clear understanding of the phenomena of interest (Sekarana, 2003). 1.4.2 Data Colletion Most of the resources used are secondary data which is data that have already been gathered by other researchers in the past (Sekarana, 2010). So far the author has found several journals and articles discussing internationalization of small and medium enterprises as the main source of this thesis. Firstly, literature based on drivers and motivations of internationalization of small and medium enterprises were sought using several search engines such as Google Scholar, and also database such as JSTOR. The following keywords were used: Internationalization, SMEs, Drivers and Motivations. These keywords were used separately and in combinations with each other. Secondly, more literature, articles and statistical data were found from the internet. Google is used as the search engine. Finally, to determine the quality of the literature, it is important to look at the number of citations from other high quality journal included in this literature. Another way to determine if literature is trustworthy is by looking at the references. 1.5 Structure of the Thesis In the remaining chapters the structure will be as follows: Chapter 2 shall review and analyze some of the definitions of small and medium enterprises and their characteristics, referring research question Q1. Chapter 3 will examine the theories and the process of internationalization. In chapter 4, I will investigate the opportunities and barriers to internationalization. In the final chapter, conclusions will be drawn and the problem statement will be answered. 2. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES 2.1. Definition of SMEs There is no single, uniformly acceptable definition of a small firm (Storey, 1994). However, some definitions are very depending on criteria such as number of employees and turn over. In 1971 Bolton Report (Dawes Haydock in Frank, 1999) attempted to overcome the problem of small firm definition by formulating what it called an economic definition and a statistical definition. Under the economic definition, a firm is regarded as small if it satisfied the following three criteria: they had a relatively small share of their market place; they were managed by owners or part owners in a personalized way, and not through the medium of a formalized management structure; they were independent, in the sense of not forming part of a large enterprise. The Committee also formulated a statistical definition which was designed to address three main issues. The first was to quantify the size for the small-firm sector and its contribution to economic aggregates such as gross domestic product (GDP), employment, exports and innovation. The second purpose was to compare the extent to which the small enterprise sectors economic contribution has changed over time. Thirdly, applying the statistical definition, this allows a comparison to be made among the contributions of small firms in one country with that of other nations. Furthermore, there is a lack of consensus on how to define SME (Gibb, 1993; Curran and Blackburn, 2001) as each country defines SME differently. For example, in the US and Canada, SMEs are generally defined as firms with fewer than 500 employees. In Japan, different headcount ceilings are used for manufacturing (up to 300 employees), wholesale (up to 150) and retail (up to 50). In this thesis we use the classification given by the Commission of the European Communities (2003/361/EC 2003). According to the European Union (2003), an SME is an enterprise with fewer than 250 employees and a turnover no more than 50 million Euros or a balance sheet total of no more than 43 million Euros. Small enterprises employ less than 50 and micro enterprises less than 10 employees. 2.2. Characteristics of SMEs SMEs are always one of the remarkable subjects for the researchers. It may be distinguished from larger firms by a number of key characteristics. Researchers have drawn some characteristic for the SMEs. Characteristics often discussed as typical of SMEs are as followed: Limited resources (Welsh and White, 1981). A small and medium enterprise generally has limited resources, which means they did not have money to purchase the required machinery and to hire many workers. This is extremely true for new starts-up due to an absence or lack of track record on the firm to entice potential investors and bankers. Hence, it is highly dependent on the capability of the owner to generate resources. Informal management style (Kotey, 1999 and Slade, 2005). For small and medium enterprises, the management is usually informal. The owner has to do almost everything and employees are normally expected to be able to duty as generalists as there is no clear division of tasks. Flexibility (Aragon-Sanchez and Sanchez-Marin, 2005). The enterprise has more flexibility to adapt to changes in the environment due to its size and informal structure. It is also vulnerable to grow in the enterprise environment. For example, any changes in government policy or technology might have a strong influence on the firms since instant changes require additional resources or capital. This might become a constraint to the firms to compete and sustain  itself in the market. Dependence on individual decision makers (Feltham and Barnett, 2005). The firms are managed and operated by the owner. The entrepreneurs of the business lead the company and play a role as both employee and employer. The growth of the firms is determined by the owner. Decision making is commonly done by the owner. 3. INTERNATIONALIZATION Different approaches and perspectives have been contributed to the literature firms internationalization (Morgan and Katsikeas, 1997), and these issues have been researched over three decades (Etermad, 2004). For instance, a gradual perspective of SME internationalization is explained in the Uppsala Model, and the Finnish-POM Models (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977). The other perspective is that SME internationalization is explained by an economic view (Dunning, 1977), and another view is described by a network approach (Kenny and Fahy, 2004; Majkgard and Sharma, 1998; Welch and Welch, 1998). The last view is described as the International New Venture perspective (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994; Zahra, Ireland, and Hitt, 2000). All these models are briefly discussed below. Of the gradual approaches, the Uppsala Model initiated by Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) and further developed by Johanson and Vahlne (1990 and 1977) is widely used to describe pattern of small firms internationalization (Andersson, 2004). In Uppsala Model, they make the distinction between state and change aspect of internationalization variables. They argue that the present state of the firm is the important factor in explaining future changes and subsequent stages. The state aspects are represented by the firms market commitment to the foreign market and the market knowledge about foreign market and operations. The change aspect is seen as commitment decision and the performance of current business activities. The concept of market commitment is assumed to be composed of two factors: Firstly, the amount of resources committed, for example, the size of investment in the market (marketing, personnel, organization etc.); Secondly, the degree of commitment, for instance, the difficulty of finding an alternative use for the resources and transforming them to practice. Market knowledge is seen as information about markets and operations which is somehow stored reasonable retrieval in the minds of individuals inside the firm, in computer memories or in written reports. International activities require both general knowledge about market operations and market specific knowledge. Current business activities are the prime source of experimental knowledge for the firm. It could be argued that experience could be gained alternatively through the hiring of the personnel with experience or through advice from persons with experience. Commitment decisions depend very much on experience since they are a response to perceived uncertainty and opportunities on the market. Decisions to commit further resources to specific foreign operations will more often be taken if experimental knowledge increases. This implies that additional market commitment as a rule will be made in small incremental steps because its takes time to gain experimental knowledge about foreign markets. The Uppsala model concentrates on the gradual acquisition, integration and use of knowledge about foreign market. According to this model, lack of knowledge is an important obstacle in the development of international operations and such knowledge can be acquired mainly through operations abroad. The gradual acquisition of knowledge increase foreign commitments. The second gradual model distinguishes three dimensions of internationalization (Luostarinen, 1979). First is Product (P), which describes what in terms of the firms goods, services, know-how and systems. Second is the Operation mode (O) which relates to how firms operate such as through agents, subsidiaries, licensing and management contracts. Third is Market (M), which describes where in relation to the selection of markets and takes into account political, cultural and physical differences. The organizational capacity dimension was a later addition to describe organizational structure, resources, finance and personnel (Welch and Luostarinen, 1988). Nonetheless, neither gradual model addresses the issues of networking. The networking view concentrates on non-hierarchical systems where enterprises invest to support and monitor their role in international networks. Referred to as the network perspective, this research draws on the theories of social exchange and resource dependence, and emphases on firm performance in the context of a network of interorganisational and interpersonal relationships (Axelsson and Easton 1992). Such relationships can include customers, competitors, suppliers, private and public support agencies, and friends, family and so on. Organizational boundaries therefore incorporate both business and social relationships. The theory suggests three methods of internationalization: International extension, explains how a company initially establishes connections with networks in other countries; Penetration, the firms develops the relationships that arise from those networks, which is described as the penetration method; International integration, the time when the company integrates the networks in different countries. Based to this research, internationalization determined by on an organizations set of network relationships rather than a firm-specific advantage. Therefore, externalization (rather than internalization) occurs. The network approach offers a complementary perspective to FDI theory given the latter does not account for the role and impact of social relationships in business transactions (Granvetter 1985). Also, internationalization decisions and activities in the network approach appear as patterns of behavior influenced by various network members, while FDI theory assumes coherent strategic decision-making. The network perspective introduces a more multilateral element to internationalization (Johanson and Vahlne 1992, p.12). Interestingly, this perspective has evolved from Johanson and Vahlnes early work, and reflects their ongoing research exploring the management of foreign market entry. For example, their (1992) study of internationalization in the situation of exchange networks found that even if foreign market entry is the gradual process (supporting the Uppsala model), it follow from interaction, and the development and maintenance of relationships over time. These findings support Sharma and Johanson (1987), who found that technical consulting firms operate in a network of connected relationships between organizations, where relationships become bridges to foreign markets and offer firms with the prospect and incentive to internationalize. The International New Venture theory emerged in the mid-nineties in response to the recognition that many firms do not go along with the gradual models in their internationalization process (Etemad, 2004a; Kenny et al., 2004). These firms are called Born Global (Knight and Cavusgil, 1996; Rennie, 1993), whilst Oviatt et al., (1994) identify them as Global Start-ups or International New Ventures (INV) firms. This model focuses on the age and not on the size of the firms and suggests that the INVs retain unique assets and capabilities that enable firms with limited resources to venture faster into foreign markets. Furthermore, Coviello and McAuley (1999) argue the internationalization happens gradually. With his extensive study of internationalization, Gripsurd (1990) points out that there is a three-stage model describing how an organization develops its international business study. First, the organization starts as a potential exporter, where they do not yet have the opportunity to export any of their goods or services. During this stage, the organization is still producing and distributing its products in the domestic market. Moreover, in the second stage, the firm is known as a passive exporter, where it has the opportunity to export its goods or services. However, they only represent upon request; therefore, there is no self-initiative. To continue, in the third stage, the firm is known as an active exporter, when it is increasing export activities abroad. With respect to the explanations, it is clear that Bell (1995) and Gripsrud (1990) mainly focus on the idea that internationalization develops in a number of stages. It happens gradually, not just with a single movement. 3.1 Process of Internationalization There are six steps that have been used for understanding about the internationalization of the small and medium enterprises. This process is not mattered only for the small and medium firms but applied in larger firms as well (Moberg and Palm, 1995 in Jennie and Zetterwall). These steps involved respectively, why internationalization (motives), company situation (SWOT), what (product and service), where (market selection), how (entry modes), and when (point of entrance). 3.1.1. Find out motives for internationalization. When a company goes internationalization it is often driven by certain stimuli or stimulus. Sometimes external and internal pressure such as competition, excess capacity of resources and a small and decline home markets put pressure on the company for becoming international. Other time firms go international because they want to. They have a unique product that is not widely available from international competitors or a technological advance in a special field (Czincota Ronkainen, 1995). 3.1.2. Clearly define the current situation of the enterprise (through conducting a SWOT analysis). To enter a foreign market does not mean new opportunities, but also a totally new situation with new environment and cultures. To find out whether a firm is ready to meet and handle this new situation or not, a complete analysis of the company situation has to be done by using SWOT analysis (Thompson Strickland, 1995, in Jennie Zetterwall). Companys economy, production, personnel, marketing, international experience and language capabilities are some factors those must be analyzed into SWOT analysis (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall). Potential markets and marketing environment have to be analyzed to find attractive opportunities and avoid environmental threats. 3.1.3. Decide on the product or service enterprise wish to integrate in this process. The success of the firm depends on its products offered and on how well the firm is able to differentiate the product or service from what the competitors offer. When a company enters in a new market it should start with a small share of the assortment, mainly quality products or already established products. 3.1.4. Select the right market to penetrate. When firm decides to enter foreign markets, the customers and market conditions are quite different from their home market. That stage firms need to enhance international marketing strategies considering different aspect of the marketing such as product, price, promotion, place, logistics, competition, and so on. The firms strategies decided, whether use to the existing product or develop a new product to serve the foreign market. A firm operating the international marketing should not only identify the product for different markets but should also develop suitable strategies for growth such products. Whether a single standardized can be offered worldwide or a customize product need to be develop for each market is the most significant product decision that firms has to do while operating in international markets. In the international market, decision related to quality, packaging and labeling of product require specific attention and consideration. Product strategy of the firm in in ternational markets is often influenced by cultural context (Joshi, 2005). Therefore, it is a responsibility of the manager/owner to know the taste and preferences of the customer in a target market, and formulate the product strategy according to the marketing conditions. Sometime color, size, and packaging of the product play vital role in the success of the firm (Joshi, 2005). 3.1.5. Decide on mode of entry. After the selection of the market has been done, the company has to decide how to approach the foreign market. A firm can, for example choose to sell directly to the final consumer, to sell indirectly through distributors and/ or agents, or to produce locally in foreign countries. The choice depend on factors such as, resource of the exporting company, the characteristics of the product, the goal of the internationalization, the distribution culture in foreign markets, and the number and demand of the customer (Czinkota Ronkainen, 1995). 3.1.6. Find the right moment to do it. Furthermore, a company has to determine when to enter the foreign market. The company must be sure that market is ready, that the company has enough resources and the right market channel and product for specific market (Moberg Palm, 1995 in Jennie Zetterwall). Meanwhile, Masurel and Montfort (2006) explored the changes between stages in the life cycle of small and medium-sized enterprises in the professional services sector. They distinguish four different, subsequent stages in the life cycle. 1. Starting; 2. Growth; 3. Maturity; 4. Decline. They found that the first three stages represent an increase in diversification in sales, increase in differentiation of labor force, and increase in labor productivity. In the last stage, the diversification in sales, differentiations in labor force, and labor productivity all drop. As growth as one crucial key in this life cycle, SMEs starts internationalization which has become more and more relevant to the competitiveness of enterprises of all sizes. Recently, SMEs that start with a global strategy can change swiftly to take advantage of cross-border activities, which offers chances not only for revenue growth but also the exchange of knowledge and the development of capabilities, thereby strengthe ning the long-term competitiveness of the firm. 3.2. The Models of Internationalization Tookey (1969) developed an early example of modeling progression through various steps, pre-dating the Uppssalla model; this involved the advancement of the firm from exporting, to international marketing and finally international business The behavioural approach of the Uppsala views internationalization as having four stages (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul 1975, Johanson and Vahlne 1977) while Bilkey and Tesar (1977) identify six steps, Aijo (1977), Cavusgil (1980) and Reid (1981) identify five, while Czinkota (1982) identifies six. Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), Johanson and Vahlne (1977) Stage 1: No regular export activities; Stage 2: Export via agents; Stage 3: Establishment of a sales subsidiary; Stage 4: Production or manufacturing in a foreign market. Bilkey and Tesar (1977) Stage 1: Management not interested in exporting; Stage 2: Management willing to fill unsolicited orders but not effort made to explore feasibility of actively exporting; Stage 3: Management actively explores feasibility of active exporting; Stage 4: Firm exports experimentally to psychologically close county; Stage 5: Firm is now an experienced exporter; Stage 6: Management explore feasibility of exporting to psychologically distant countries. Cavusgil (1980) Stage 1: Firm sells only in domestic market; Stage 2: Pre-export phase, the firm searches for information and evaluates feasibility of starting to export; Stage: Experimental involvement, firm begins exporting to psychologically close country; Stage 4: Active involvement, exporting to more new countries, direct exporting and increase in sales volume. Czinkota (1982) Stage 1: The completely uninterested firm; Stage 2: The partially interested firm; Stage 3: The exploring firm; Stage 4: The experimental firm; Stage 5: The experienced small exporter; Stage 6: The experienced large exporter. Reid (1981) Stage 1: Export awareness, problem of opportunity recognition and arousal of need; Stage 2: Export intention, motivation, attitude, beliefs and exporting about exporting; Stage 3: Export trial, personal experience from limited exporting; Stage 4: Export evaluation, results from engaging in exporting; Stage 5: Export acceptance, adoption of exporting or rejection of exporting. 4. DRIVERS AND BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONALIZATION Drivers of Internationalization There must be some motivations behind the decision to go international. Leonidou, Katsikeas and Percy (1998) determine that organizations are typically willing to market themselves for four reasons. First, it may be due to slow growth in the domestic economy as evidenced by a reduction in the number of the home market opportunities. Consequently, an organization will look for other opportunities by entering new international markets (Chandra, Styles and Wilkinson, 2009). Second, there may be a trade deficit followed by currency devaluation and a number of export restrictions. Third, the world trading system may become more liberalized leading to a minimization of international market entry barriers. Forth, it might be more intensive global competition in the global business environment. All these trends have developed the dynamic of exports. The creation of exports is not only due to the self-initiative of a company, but also by the government. This is also confirmed by Gripsrud (1990) who suggests that the government of a country may believe their firms to think globally by expanding their service areas to foreign markets, due to the expectation of an increasing volume of exports from the country. Thus, it will help the economy of that country. Furthermore, OECD (2009) also analyzed motivations for small and medium-sized internationalization including growth motives, knowledge-related motives, network or stoical ties and domestic or regional market factors. 4.1.1 Growth Motives Growth opportunities associated with international markets were identified as a key driver of firm internationalization in several recent studies (Orser et al., 2008), (Rundh, 2007), (Barnes et al., 2006), (Reynolds, 2007). The possibility of growth in other markets and increased profit opportunities from international expansion were highlighted as key stimuli for exporting. Firms overseas venturing decision also seems to be motivated by a need for business growth, profits, an increased market size, a stronger market position, and to reduce dependence on a single or small number of markets. The growth motive is very closely linked to maximizing returns and minimizing costs in purchasing, production and sales. 4.1.2 Knowledge-related Motives Garvey and Brennan (2006) suggest that knowledge assets both push and pull SMEs into international markets. The push dimension pertains to the importance of managers previous international experience and related management capacity factors. There are also related findings on the internationalization triggering effects of knowledge aspects, including RD investment, innovation capabilities, unique product or technology, and language skills; and firm resource base, as indicated by such proxies as size, age, and experience. 4.1.3 Network or Social Ties and Supply Chain Links Camara and Simoes (2008) have highlighted the importance of network/social ties and supply chain links in triggering SMEs first internationalization step and extending internationalization processes. The research studies particularly reported the stimulating effect on export activity of firms soft assets, including social and network capital, some of which may have accrued through managers immigrant background and associated links. 4.1.4 Domestic or Regional Market Drivers There is also support from recent relevant research (Lopez, 2007), (Staoian, 2006) on the push effects of firms limited or stagnating domestic market on internationalization behavior. The enterprise differed significantly in their export tendency, with export propensity increasing in regions with less favorable domestic conditions, local incentives to export and good export infrastructure. Recent evidence from Chile and Indonesia further suggest a greater tendency to export among firms from sectors characterized by high levels of export intensity and presence of foreign buyers. The Indonesian finding on the importance of foreign buyers presence is significant as it reinforces the earlier observed need to boost SMEs role in global value chains through facilitating their integration into production or supply systems of foreign affiliates of larger firms (OECD, 2008). Cavusgil and Nevin (1981) also classify the internal determinants of export behavior in four categories, which are differential firm advantages, strength of managerial aspirations for various business goals, management expectations about the effects of exporting on business goals, and level of organizational commitment to export marketing. Firstly, differential firm advantages are derived from the nature of the firms products, markets, technological orientation, and resources. These factors are important in preparing the firm and in motivating its management, but not sufficient to initiate export. Secondly, the strength of managerial aspirations for various business goals, such as growth profits, and market development are a second set of drivers. The importance that managers attach to internationalization is believed to be a direct determinant of a firms export behavior. Thirdly, management expectations about the effects of exporting on business goals reflect the managers knowledge and perceptions of possible risks and profitability of export. These expectations are also influenced by external factors, such as unsolicited orders from foreign buyers and fluctuations in exchange rates. Lastly, the level of organizational commitment to export marketing indicates the willingness to devote adequate resources to export-related activities. As reporting involves many new tasks and requires commitment of financial and managerial resources, this is a critical factor for an effective internationalization strategy. 4.2. Barriers to Internationalization In order to identify the term internationalization with the main focus of the thesis, Coviello and McAuley (1999) stated that not only large organizations, but also small and medium sized organizations, can become global. In addition, they also state that the international expansion of an SME is certainly useful when it comes to contributing to the economic growth and prosperity of a country. However, one thing that should be remembered is that not every SME is ready to expand into international markets. Despite the fact that they have small or medium sized organizations, there must be some factors and limitations in terms of finding global market opportunities. There have been a number of studies which have focused on the barriers to internationalization (Leonidou, 1995; Campbell 1994; Katsikeas and Morgan, 1994, Morgan 1997). The barriers to internationalization can be categorized into five broad areas: financial, managerial, market based (including both the domestic and international markets), industry specific and firm specific. It is widely acknowledged that barriers to internationalization can exist at any stage in the internationalization process (Morgan, 1997). Furthermore, the perception of the barrier

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Business firms may seem to be similar, relying on guide of organizational models. However, in practice, all business is unique, functioning as a distinct arrangement of organizational models, designs and practices. Adoptation of any plan is all to support ‘’inimitable’’ business strategy. Performance measurement is critical in assessing organization overall performance and results are used for strategic planning to develop range of strategies (Tapinos & Dyson, 2005) for achievement of sustainable business success. Without this information and understanding, organizational strategies will not be in configuration with or effective in the business environment. Performance measurement is a multifaceted management tool that centres on how a business generates value. Performance measurement systems are used to reinforce the behaviours required for business success as well as for achieving organizational direction. Study On the impact of performance measurement in strategic planning process (Tapinos & Dyson, 2005) described the effectiveness of performance measurement system and explai...

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